Death, remembrance, sculpture, geology: churchyards are unsurpassed as places of history and memory. They possess considerable time-depth, and form the setting of many the nation’s greatest buildings. Churchyards are everywhere, numbered in their thousands. This sheer ubiquity might explain why they have received so little attention. Compared with Scotland and the United States, where exhaustive research has taken place, England’s graveyards are largely overlooked. There is so much awaiting discovery.Memorials range from the grandest mausolea to the humblest of stones and wooden markers. From the 17th century on, concern was being expressed for burial inside the church. From the 18th century, outdoor memorials started to become the preferred option: something that the Georgian classical revival very much encouraged. More levels of society sought remembrance through tombstones. Headstones sported imagery and epitaphs: many of these form the earliest tangible evidence of family history. Craftsmanship created beautiful imagery, and local materials and customs led to regionally distinctive kinds of memorial.Some churchyards have ancient yew trees: others have intriguing structures, like parish stocks, charnel houses and medieval crosses. And beneath the grass lie untold generations of past parishioners, lying in the shadow of the church until the Day of Judgment. There is much to discover in churchyards – one of England’s greatest creations.